Acceptability, efficacy and safety of two treatment protocols for dental fluorosis: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This parallel randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of two treatments for removing fluorosis stains. METHODS: Seventy individuals living in an area endemic for fluorosis, with at least four maxillary anterior teeth presenting fluorosis with a Thylstrup and Fejerskov index from 1 to 7, were randomized into two treatment groups (n=35): GI - enamel microabrasion or GII - microabrasion associated with at-home bleaching. Microabrasion was performed using 37% phosphoric acid and pumice and, at-home tooth bleaching was performed with 10% carbamide peroxide. Areas of enamel opacities were recorded by digital camera at baseline and 1-month (1M) after treatment. Two blinded examiners evaluated the reduction in the area (mm(2)) of opacity using software. Two visual analogue scales were used: one for recording tooth sensitivity and/or gingival irritation ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (severe) and the other to evaluate participant satisfaction with the treatment used ranging from 1 (no improvement) to 7 (exceptional improvement). RESULTS: 1M after treatment, both groups showed a significant reduction in the area of enamel opacity (p=0.0001) and there was no difference between groups (p=0.1). Most of the participants from both treatment groups reported no or mild tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation (p>0.05). Participants reported that they were happy with the improvement in dental appearance, however, individuals from GII reported that they were happier than those from GI (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Both treatment protocols were effective in reducing fluoride stains, however, when home bleaching was associated to enamel microabrasion, patients reported a major satisfaction with dental appearance.

Antimicrobianos de uso odontológico: informação para uma boa prática / Antibiotics of odontological use: information to correct pratice

Os antibióticos são substâncias químicas produzidas por microrganismos vivos ou através por meio de processos semissintéticos, que têm a capacidade de impedir o crescimento ou destruir microrganismos patogênicos. A prescrição de antibióticos é indispensável na prática odontológica. Para tanto, o conhecimento do medicamento utilizado bem como a dosagem correta para o processo de cura são necessários. Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre os antibióticos de uso odontológico bem como esclarecer os mecanismos de ação, as formas farmacêuticas existentes no mercado e suas principais indicações, posologia e efeitos colaterais mais comuns. O cirurgião-dentista tem disponível uma infinidade de formulações medicamentosas, entretanto a farmacologia é uma área muito pouco explorada pelos profissionais de odontologia. Isso requer uma maior disseminação desse conhecimento para o estabelecimento de uma correta prática diária quando da administração de antimicrobianos.

Antibiotics are chemistry substance that inhibit the growing or destroy the microorganism. The prescription of antibiotics is necessary in the odontological clinic. Knowledge of medicine, the dosage correctly to the process of health is necessary. This paper is make a critical literature review about antibiotics of use odontological, as well as knowledge mechanisms of action, as comercial presentation and indications, dosages and adverse effects more frequently. The dentistry has an infinity available of medicines formulations, however, the pharmacology is a little bit explored area by the dentistry. That requests a larger popularization of that knowledge for the establishment of a correct daily practice when of the antibiotics administration.

Avaliação topográfica do forame infraorbital em crânios secos humanos / Topographic evaluation of the infraorbital foramen in dry human skulls

Objetivo: mensurar a localização do forame infraorbital (FIO) em peças anatômicas maceradas, considerando-se o dimorfismo sexual. Método: utilizou-se uma abordagem indutiva, procedimento estatístico e técnica de observação direta em laboratório, mediante crânios do acervo do Ossário do Departamento de Morfologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. O projeto obteve aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Definiu-se a posição do FIO em relação aos dentes pelo método visual, e para as mensurações realizadas com paquímetro digital utilizaram-se duas distâncias: medida sagital (MS): margem infra-orbital - margem superior do forame; e medida transversal (MT): abertura piriforme - margem mediais do FIO, efetuadas por pesquisador calibrado. Obteve-se uma amostra de 23 crânios, procedendo-se a análise estatística com o teste t. Resultados: dentre os crânios dentados (34,8%; n=8) identificou-se o FIO no longo eixo do segundo pré-molar superior em 62,5% (n=5) no lado direito (LD) e 87,5% (n=7), lado esquerdo (LE). As médias, em milímetros, para a MS no sexo masculino foram 6,21 (±1,43) e 5,9 (±1,22) no LD e LE, respectivamente e para o feminino, 4,69 (±1,09) e 5,55 (±1,35). Na MT, as médias masculinas foram 16,56 (±1,94) para o LD e 16,38 (±1,75) para o LE. As médias femininas foram 15,55 (±2,53) e 16,64 (±1,94). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medidas MS e MT direitas e esquerdas (p>0,05). No entanto, verificou-se significância entre a MS direita masculina e a feminina (p menor que 0,05). Conclusão: não houve variação significante na topografia do FIO em um mesmo indivíduo e no mesmo sexo, havendo, portanto variação entre os sexos.

Objective: to measure the location of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in macerated anatomical specimens, considering the sexual dimorphism. Methods: it was used an inductive approach, a statistical technique and direct observation at the laboratory by means of skulls of the Ossuary's collection of Morphology's Department, Federal University of Paraíba. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research. It was defined the position of IOF in relation to the teeth by the visual method and to the measurements, we used two different distances: sagittal measure (SM): infraorbital margin - foramen's superior margin; transverse measurement (TM): pyriform opening - the IOF's medial margin, conducted by calibrated researcher with a digital caliper. It was obtained a sample of 23 skulls, proceeding to statistical analysis using t test. Results: among dentate skulls (34.8%; n = 8), it was identified the IOF on the long axis of the second premolar in 62.5% (n = 5) on the right side (RS) and 87.5% (n = 7), left side (LS). The averages, in millimeters, for the SM in males was 6.21 (± 1.43) and 5.9 (± 1.22) in RS and LS, respectively and for females, 4.69 (± 1 09) and 5.55 (± 1.35). In TM, the male average was 16.56 (± 1.94) for RS and 16.38 (± 1.75) for the LS. The female average was 15.55 (± 2.53) and 16.64 (± 1.94). There wasn't statistically significant difference between the measurements SM and TM right and left (p greater than 0.05). However, there was significance between male and female MS right (p less than 0.05). Conclusion: there wasn't significant variation in the topography of IOF in the same individual and in the same sex, so, there is variation between the sexes.